Listy klinické logopedie 2025, 9(2):83-89 | DOI: 10.36833/lkl.2025.022

Craniosacral therapy for preterm neonates and infants

Mgr. Barbora Červenková, Ph.D.
Mgr. Barbora Červenková, Ph.D., University Hospital Brno, Department of Neonatology, Obilní trh 11, 620 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
Institute of Special Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Palacký University in Olomouc, Žižkovo nám. 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.

This pilot study evaluates changes in sensorimotor responses in premature infants after receiving craniosacral therapy. The study included a total of 63 infants born between 28 and 31 weeks of gestation. These infants underwent three craniosacral therapy treatments during their hospitalization. The assessment used a sensorimotor reactivity scale to evaluate eye contact, response to two-point static and kinetic tactile stimulation, turning onto the side, and willingness to grasp and suck an offered finger. Differences in gross scores between pairs of measurements for each item were tested at a 5% significance level using the Wilcoxon paired test. All differences within the evaluated items were statistically significant (p<0.05). The strongest effect of the statistically significant dependence was found in the eye contact item. This difference was more pronounced in bottle-fed infants than in breast-fed infants. Therefore, craniosacral therapy may have the potential to enhance self-regulation and promote healthy development in premature infants, but this finding needs to be supported by further research.

Keywords: craniosacral therapy, premature infants, sensorimotor reactivity, eye contact, self-regulation

Received: August 31, 2025; Revised: September 23, 2025; Accepted: October 4, 2025; Published: December 14, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Červenková B. Craniosacral therapy for preterm neonates and infants. Listy klinické logopedie. 2025;9(2):83-89. doi: 10.36833/lkl.2025.022.
Download citation

References

  1. ABDALLAH, C. G. & GEHA, P., 2017. Chronic pain and chronic stress: two sides of the same coin? Online. Chronic Stress, vol. 1. DOI: 10.1177/2470547017704763. Available from: Chronic Pain and Chronic Stress: Two Sides of the Same Coin? - Chadi G Abdallah, Paul Geha, 2017. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  2. CASTEJÓN-CASTEJÓN, M.; MURCIA-GONZÁLEZ, M. A.; TODRI, J. et al., 2022. Treatment of Infant Colic with Craniosacral Therapy. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Online. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, vol. 71, p. 102885. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2022.102885. Available from: Treatment of infant colic with craniosacral therapy. A randomized controlled trial - PubMed. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  3. CEBALLOS-LAITA, L.; ERNST, E.; CARRASCO-URIBARREN, A. et al., 2024. Is Craniosacral Therapy Effective? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Online. Healthcare, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 679. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12060679. Available from: Is Craniosacral Therapy Effective? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis - PubMed. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  4. CRUZ, M. D.; FERNANDES, A. M. & OLIVEIRA, C. R., 2016. Epidemiology of painful procedures performed in neonates: a systematic review of observational studies. Online. European Journal of Pain, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 489-498. DOI: 10.1002/ejp.757. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejp.757. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  5. ERNST, E., 2012. Craniosacral Therapy: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence. Online. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 197-201. DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7166.2012.01174.x. Available from: Craniosacral therapy: a systematic review of the clinical evidence - Ernst - 2012 - Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies - Wiley Online Library. Go to original source...
  6. FENDRYCHOVÁ, J., 2013. Hodnotící metodiky v neonatologii. [Evaluation Methodologies in Neonatology]. Brno: NCONZO. ISBN 978-80-7013-560-0.
  7. FENDRYCHOVÁ, J.; BOREK, I. et al., 2007. Intenzivní péče o novorozence. [Intensive care for newborns]. Brno: NCONZO. ISBN 978-80-7013-447-4.
  8. GALLING, B.; BRAUER, H.; STRUCK, P. et al., 2023. The impact of crying, sleeping, and eating problems in infants on childhood behavioral outcomes: A meta-analysis. Online. Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, vol. 1, p. 1099406. DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2022.1099406. Available from: The impact of crying, sleeping, and eating problems in infants on childhood behavioral outcomes: A meta-analysis - PubMed. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  9. GREEN, C.; MARTIN, C. W.; BASSETT, K. & KAZANJIAN, A., 1999. A systematic review of craniosacral therapy: biological plausibility, assessment reliability, and clinical effectiveness. Online. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, vol. 7, pp. 201-207. DOI: 10.1016/s0965-2299(99)80002-8. Available from: A systematic review of craniosacral therapy: biological plausibility, assessment reliability and clinical effectiveness - PubMed. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  10. GRUNAU, R. E.; WHITFIELD, M. F.; PETRIE-THOMAS, J. et al., 2009. Neonatal pain, parenting stress and interaction, in relation to cognitive and motor development at 8 and 18 months in preterm infants. Online. Pain, vol. 143, nos. 1-2, pp. 138-146. DOI: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11831342/. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/pain/abstract/2009/05000/neonatal_pain,_parenting_stress_and_interaction,.22.aspx. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  11. HINDLS, R.; HRONOVÁ, S.; SEGER, J.; FISCHER, J., 2006. Statistika pro ekonomy. [Statistics for Economists]. 7th ed. Prague: Professional Publishing, 2006. ISBN 80-86946-16-9.
  12. HERMANN, C.; HOHMEISTER, J.; DEMIRAKÇA, S. et al., 2006. Long-term alteration of pain sensitivity in school-aged infants with early pain experiences. Online. Pain, vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 278-285. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.026. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/pain/abstract/2006/12050/long_term_alteration_of_pain_sensitivity_in.13.aspx. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  13. JOHNSTON, C.; BARRINGTON, K. J.; TADDIO, A. et al., 2011. Pain in Canadian NICUs: have we improved over the past 12 years? Online. Clinical Journal of Pain, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 225-232. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181fe14cf. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/clinicalpain/abstract/2011/03000/pain_in_canadian_nicus__have_we_improved_over_the.6.aspx. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  14. JONES, L.; LAUDIANO-DRAY, M. P.; WHITEHEAD, K. et al., 2018. EEG, behavioural and physiological recordings following a painful procedure in human neonates. Online. Scientific Data, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 248. DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.248. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018248. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  15. KOTHARI, S. Y.; DONGARA, A. R.; NIMBALKAR, S. M. et al., 2016. Missed Opportunities for Sedation and Pain Management at a Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, India. Online. Frontiers in Pediatrics, vol. 4, p. 7. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00007. Available from: Missed Opportunities for Sedation and Pain Management at a Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, India. - OmicsDI. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  16. MOSSAD, S. I.; VANDEWOUW, M. M.; SMITH, M. L. & TAYLOR, M. J., 2021. The preterm social brain: Altered functional networks for Theory of Mind in very preterm infants. Online. Brain Commununications, vol. 3. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa237. Available from: The preterm social brain: altered functional networks for Theory of Mind in very preterm children - PubMed. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  17. NIEMI, A.-K., 2017. Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Massage in Preterm Infants. Online. Children, vol. 4, no. 4, p. 21. DOI: 10.3390/children4040021. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/4/4/21. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  18. OLESKI, S. L.; SMITH, G. H. & CROW, W. T., 2016. Radiographic evidence of cranial bone mobility. Online. Cranio, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 34-38. DOI: 0.1080/08869634.2002.11746188. Available from: Radiographic evidence of cranial bone mobility - PubMed. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  19. RAITH, W.; MARSCHIK, P. B.; SOMMER, C. et al., 2016. General movements in preterm infants undergoing craniosacral therapy: a randomised controlled pilot-trial. Online. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. vol. 16, no. 1, p. 12. DOI: 0.1186/s12906-016-0984-5. Available from: https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12906-016-0984-5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  20. STEVENS, B.; JOHNSTON, C.; PETRYSHEN, P. et al., 1996. Premature Infant Pain Profile: development and initial validation. Online. Clinical Journal of Pain, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-3. DOI: 10.1097/00002508-199603000-00004. Available from: Premature Infant Pain Profile: development and initial validation - PubMed. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  21. TANG, T.; PLEDTS, K.; MOERKERKE, M.; VAN DER DONCK, S. et al., 2024. Face Processing in Prematurely Born Individual.-A Systematic Review. Online. Brain Sciences, vol. 14, no. 12, p. 1168. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14121168. Available from: Face Processing in Prematurely Born Individuals-A Systematic Review. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  22. UPLEDGER, J. E., 2000. Ty a tvůj skrytý lékař: kraniosakrální terapie: somatoemocionální uvolnění. [You and Your Hidden Doctor: Craniosacral Therapy: Somatoemotional Release]. Translated by Z. ŠEBEK. Prague: Modrý klíč. Odborná knihovnička Modrého klíče. ISBN 80-902494-1-8.
  23. UPLEDGER, J. E., 2009. Kraniosakrální terapie: co to je, jak se s ní pracuje. [Craniosacral therapy: what it is, how to work with it]. Translated by Z. ŠEBEK. Hodkovičky: Pragma. ISBN 978-807-3491-925.
  24. VALERI, B. O.; RANGER, M.; CHAU, C. M. et al., 2016. Neonatal Invasive Procedures Predict Pain Intensity at School Age in Children Born Very Preterm. Online. Clinical Journal of Pain, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1086-1093. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000353. Available from: Neonatal Invasive Procedures Predict Pain Intensity at School Age in Children Born Very Preterm - PubMed. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  25. VICKERS, A.; OHLSSON, A.; LACY, J. B. et al., 2004. Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants. Online. e Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 2014, no. 1, p. CD000390. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000390.pub2. Available from: Massage for promoting growth and development of preterm and/or low birth-weight infants - PubMed. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  26. WANG, L.; HE, J. L. & ZHANG, X. H., 2013. The efficacy of massage on preterm infants: A meta-analysis. Online. American Journal of Perinatology, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 731-738. DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1332801. Available from: The efficacy of massage on preterm infants: a meta-analysis - PubMed. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  27. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 2010. Benchmarks for Training in Osteopathy. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 159966 5. Available from: Benchmarks for training in traditional / complementary and alternative medicine: benchmarks for training in osteopathy.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.